Pharmacy Student Articles

Ankush Taneja

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are considered as one among the leading causes
of morbidity and mortality.

According to WHO, Adverse Drug Reaction is any noxious, unintended,
and undesired effect of a drug, which occurs at doses used in humans for prophylaxis,
diagnosis, or therapy. Pharmacovigilance is an important and integral part of
clinical research. While major advancements of the discipline of pharmacovigilance
have taken place in the West, not much has been achieved in India. However,
with more clinical trials and clinical research activity being conducted in
India, there is an immense need to understand and implement pharmacovigilance.
For this to happen in India, the mind set of people working in regulatory agency
(DCGI ) and the Indian pharmaceutical companies need to change.

Kushal H.Sanghvi

An Antioxidant is a molecule capable of slowing or preventing the oxidation of other molecules. Oxidation is a chemical reaction that transfers electrons from a substance to an oxidizing agent. Oxidation reactions can produce free radicals, which start chain reactions that damage cells. Antioxidants terminate these chain reactions by removing radical intermediates, and inhibit other oxidation reactions by being oxidized themselves. As a result, antioxidants are often reducing agents such as thiols or polyphenols.^[1]

Shoyeb khan

Carbon nanotubes have drawn great interest and attraction in the field ranging
from physics, to chemistry and to biology also.

Recently Carbon nanotubes have been designed to be used as a drug delivery
vector. It has shown potential in tissue engineering, nuclear targeting, and
drug, protein and peptide drug delivery also. The small nanoscale dimension
and astonishing properties make them a distinctive carrier with a wide range
of promising applications. This review briefly outlines some of the important
biomedical application of carbon nanotubes.

Ritesh Verma

Problems associated with the barrier properties of the skin limit the transdermal delivery of the drugs.

So enhanced transdermal delivery has become a research interest, and strategies include structural modification to optimize the physicochemical properties of the drug and vehicle interaction, the use of permeability enhancers and occlusion and various electrical assisted method include iontophoresis, electrophoretion, use of photomechanical wave and sonophoresis. The application of ultrasound of a suitable frequency significantly enhances the transdermal transport of drugs a phenomenon referred to as Phonophoresis.

Mr. Brij Bhoosan Rai

Jikku Kurien Raju

The oral route is considered to be the most convenient and desired route of
drug delivery, especially when repeated or routine administration is necessary
¹.

Insulin is usually administered to diabetic patients through subcutaneous
injection. However, the problems encountered with subcutaneous insulin injections
are pain, allergic reactions, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin lipodystrophy around
the injection site ². Insulin if administered via the oral route
will help eliminate the pain caused by injection, psychological barriers associated
with multiple daily injections such as needle anxiety ³ and possible
infections ⁴. In addition, oral insulin is advantageous because it
is delivered directly to the liver, its primary site of action, via the portal

Karmarkar A. B.

The use of polymers in pharmaceutical, biomedical as well as engineering fields has solved many aspects of these fields. The polymers of differing arrangements are useful in various pharmaceutical formulations.

O.M.Aleem aleemomair

The objective of this review article
is to explore the use of cyclodextrins as pharmaceutical excipients for various
applications such as solubility, bioavailability and stability enhancement of
various drugs.

The article highlights the chemistry
of cyclodextrins and summarizes the issue of mechanism of drug release from
cyclodextrin complexes and its application in the different drug delivery systems
such as nasal, ophthalmic, transdermal and rectal drug delivery etc. The studies
on cyclodextrins have revealed that, cyclodextrins are versatile excipients
in different routes of drug administration because of increased aqueous solubility,
stability and bioavailability with reduction in drug irritation.

Introduction

Cyclodextrin, first

Patel Ravindra

Shridhar

Carbopol polymers are polymers of acrylic acid cross-linked with polyalkenyl ethers or divinyl glycol. They are produced from primary polymer particles of about 0.2 to 6 micron average diameter. The flocculated agglomerates cannot be broken down into the ultimate particle when produced.