Scope and Future of Pharmacogenomics
By T.Nithya - 10/31/2009
(23 votes)
Pharmacogenomics tests help to identify patients who will experience important adverse events or who obtain important benefit from drug therapy. For this reason, pharmacogenomics can be viewed as an important means to improve overall effectiveness, safety and cost-effectiveness of many drug therapies. However, policy makers will raise the issue of the actual utility of pharmacogenomics in specific patient situations before widespread admission to clinical practice. In health technology assessment, utility can be defined in different ways, including health gain and cost-effectiveness. In both cases, it is important to remember that pharmacogenomics is not a treatment but more a specialised diagnostic test. Health gain is achieved by making better decisions about therapy. Degree of health gain attainable using pharmacogenomics is therefore dependent on the effectiveness and safety of available therapies. In fact, the potential health gain attainable via pharmacogenomics is dependent on various factors, including the test's sensitivity and specificity, disease prognosis (with or without therapy), and the patient population. Cost-effectiveness of pharmacogenomics testing is dependent on the same factors, as well as the costs of the test and the programme, the treatment and the disease. Development of a generic decision approach would help to standardise and catalyse the estimation of health benefit distribution and cost-effectiveness of treatment strategies using existing pharmacogenomics tests and subsequent treatments. The economic methodologies also help to quantify the uncertainty surrounding these estimates. While pharmacogenomics offers exciting opportunities to provide tailor-made medicine, it might not be always be beneficial and its utility will vary greatly between applications. This model could also help in priority setting during the development of new tests, by estimating the potential health gain and cost-effectiveness of pharmacogenomics tests long before these tests exist or have been fully developed.
Author : http://www.pharmainfo.net/nithya035
Co-author : http://www.pharmainfo.net/ramamohan
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SNP dealing & impact on dispensing
Hello Ms. Nithya,
I got an query that as you said that genomic variations and their knowledge will helps us to decide the drug suitability for an individual/different persons rite so I wanna know that whether these studies are able to deal with the single nucleotide polymorphisms in the human races and dont you think so that these studies will makes the prescribing and dispensing of medicines a cumbersome practice because doctors have to keep an extra diagnostic steps for it ....so may i know in these conditions how these pharmacogenomics justify its benefits....
Thanks....
justify
justify "Pharmacogenomics tests help to identify patients who will experience important adverse events or who obtain important benefit from drug therapy"
Nice presentation
How genetic testing is related to pharmacogenomics?
ABHERI DAS SARMA
http://www.pharmainfo.net/abherids86
what is the significience
hi mam
what is the significience of pharmacogenomics in thearpy of chronic diseases like asthama?
good
can you just provide me the effect of biomarkers on the field of pharmacogenomics............
and also provide the various legal issues needed to follow this method of treatment
regards,
shilpa.s
Shilpa.Sambana
http://www.pharmainfo.net/shilpasambana
St ann's college of pharmacy
Vizianagaram
Andhra pradesh, India
Good presentation.....
Can you suggest some of the means where by pharmacogenomics will help us in fighting with dug resistance associated with anti virals and anti biotic?
Ayush A. Singhal
RPCP, CHANGA
GUJARAT
http://www.pharmainfo.net/ayushsinghal
hello Nithya... good
hello Nithya...
good presentation,
what are the social, cultural, and ethical issues related to pharmacogenomics....
Sakshi Agrawal
http://www.pharmainfo.net/sakshi-agrawal
1. What is pharmagenomics
1. What is pharmagenomics research status in India?
1. Whether all diseases can be managed with pharmaco genetic approach or not.
3. In pharmacogenetic approach whether the dose is modified or physico chemical properties of the drug are modified or both approaches are used.
K.H.Patel.
My profile link is
http://www.pharmainfo.net/khushbu-hasmukh-patel
Pharmacogenomic- bioavailability and mass possibility
1. How to address bioavailability of drug developed through pharmacogenomics approach?
2. Pharmacogenomics at mass scale - what is possibility and how?
Dr.Sandeep Bhaskar Kale
http://www.pharmainfo.net/sanykale123
good
hello mam,
What are the various challenges faced by an individual in the study of pharmacogenomics?
query
hi,
How the negative outcomes during the study of pharmacogenomics can be prevented?
Useful information
1. Whether the genetics factors affect pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics or both.
2. If pharmacokinetics of a drug is affected by genes, then out of ADME which one is highly affected?
3. “The resistance of a patient towards a drug is decided by the genes”. Comment on it.
Practice!!
HI,
Is this model of drug therapy practised anywhere in the world?
HY…… IMP OF PHARMACOGENOMICS
HY……
IMP OF PHARMACOGENOMICS WHEN ONE CAN STUDY ABOUT ADVERSE DRUG REACTION?
Regards,
KOMAL
Komal Nikam
http://www.pharmainfo.net/komal-nikam
Individual variation and rational drug thearpy
Dear Nithya,
How far rational drug thearpy is applicable in the treatment of different diaeases and what are the significance of pharmacogenomics in this field?
Regards,
Amol
Amol
http://www.pharmainfo.net/amolsmalpani
Gene variations that affect drug response
Dear Nitya,
As you mentioned various advantages and future trends of Pharmacogenomics but there are many complexities in this field such as Complexity of finding gene variations that affect drug response, Disincentives for drug companies to make multiple pharmacogenomic products and in India this trend is not as much as developed than others so what you say about this? I think there is need of more education for healthcare providers as well as to the patients also so is there any supportive agencies or institutes that works for this purpose?
difference between pharmacogenomics and pharmacogenetics
hello,
good presentation.
can u tell me what is the difference between the two terms-pharmacogenomics and pharmacogenetics?
As polymorphism is the main factor controlling this determination,can it affect a particular class of individuals for any particular drug class?
Regards,
Noopur
noopur
http://www.pharmainfo.net/noopur-wani
Pharmacogenomics is a branch of pharmacogenetics
hello,
thanku
Pharmacogenomics is a branch of pharmacogenetics, a science that deals with the heritable traits responsible for the individual differences in the ways people respond to drugs.
drug response in patients is by correlating gene expression or single-nucleotide polymorphisms with a drug's efficacy or toxicity.
Such approaches promise the advent of "personalized medicine"; in which drugs and drug combinations are optimized for each individual's unique genetic makeup.
http://www.pharmainfo.net/nithya035
therapeutic drug monitoring
Dear Nithya
Good effort
When therapeutic drug monitoring came in to scene it was predicted to be major player in healthcare. Now pharmacogenomics looks much more complicated. will it have a good future in daily medicine, I doubt?
Mr. Dixon Thomas, M. Pharm, M. S., RPh
http://www.pharmainfo.net/pharmacistdixon
thanku for the complement
thanku for the complement ,let us hope for the good future,because of its benefits.
http://www.pharmainfo.net/nithya035
Yes Nithya Good evidence
Yes Nithya
Good evidence stays long and benefit mankind, may be the world too. There are some species not benefited. Recently I have seen in discovery channel that aroud 55,000 species of organisms will be perished from earth by the dominance of human on earth. Keep working on it. Best wishes.
Mr. Dixon Thomas, M. Pharm, M. S., RPh
http://www.pharmainfo.net/pharmacistdixon
Hi
Dear Nithya,
I would like to know if a drug has to be administered based on individual genetic profile do we have to take into account the age,sex,bodyweight criteria?
Also let me know how are drug discovery, development, and marketing affected by pharmacogenomics?
Bhasker
http://www.pharmainfo.net/bhasker
Pharmacogenomics deals with the influence of genetic variation
hi,
Pharmacogenomics deals with the influence of genetic variation on drug response in patients by correlating gene expression or single-nucleotide polymorphisms with a drug's efficacy or toxicity. By doing so, it aims to develop rational means to optimise drug therapy, with respect to the patients' genotype, to ensure maximum efficacy with minimal adverse effects. Such approaches promise the advent of "personalized medicine"; in which drugs and drug combinations are optimized for each individual's unique genetic makeup
http://www.pharmainfo.net/nithya035
In pharmacogenomic medicine, doctor directly targets the genes
dear nithya..
Infact yours is a good presentation. In pharmacogenomic medicine, The doctor directly targets the gene before giving any medicine. Sometimes there may be chances of wrong diagnosis or improper medication. In that case any change occuring in the person is irreversible and ll be carried to future generations. Still do you go for pharmacogenomic medicine??
2. We cant always minimize the toxic effects of drugs say for eg. Anticancer drugs..How is pharmacogenomics an effective tool to minimize ADR?
Thank you
Sirisha Pingali
www.pharmainfo.net/sirisha
Biomarkers
hi
yes i agree with u,but when compared to its benefits the adverse effects it causing are very less and can be minimized by various methods like
Biomarkers enables the characterization of the patient populations and quantilations to the extent to which new drugs reach intended targets,alter proposed pathophysiological mechanisms and achieve clinical outcomes.
2)biomarkers can stratify patient populations or quantify drug benefit in primary prevention of disease modification studies in poorly served areas such as neuro degeneration and cancer.
http://www.pharmainfo.net/nithya035
Adverse drug reactions (ADRs)
Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. The majority of ADRs can be considered common disorders with considerable clinical variability (clinical phenotype) in which many different genes are involved together with environmental variables. Pharmacogenomics is the study of how genes affect the individual response to drugs. There is some evidence that in the future the use of pharmacogenomics could help to reduce ADRs, as it aims to predict which patients are likely to respond to a particular drug and which patients are likely to have significant ADRs.
http://www.pharmainfo.net/nithya035
genes number
Hi Nitya, i have questions for you: 1) You wrote that 30000-50000 genes, can i know the reference from which you get this number because the latest summary from NCBI is based on the Oct 17, 2006 genome assembly [NCBI Reference Assembly]. It lists 28,961 genes for the public genome and 26,245 for the private Celera assembly and lists 25000-30000 genes.
2) You wrote that economical methodologies in your abstract can you give some examples for that. Thank you
http://www.pharmainfo.net/raghavendraswamy
total number of genes is 3068890
i got the information for the total number of genes from INDIAN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE,BANGLORE ,according to last update from NCBI on october 10th 2009,the total number of genes available is 3068890.hope u got ur doubt clarified
http://www.pharmainfo.net/nithya035
1. What is pharmagenomics
1. What is pharmagenomics research status in India?
1. Whether all diseases can be managed with pharmaco genetic approach or not.
3. In pharmacogenetic approach whether the dose is modified or physico chemical properties of the drug are modified or both approaches are used.
K.H.Patel.
My profile link is
http://www.pharmainfo.net/khushbu-hasmukh-patel