PPPC01

Shapiro and colleagues recently reported a 100% cure rate for type 1 diabetes with their "Edmonton protocol" for islet transplantation. This unprecedented success has caused a groundswell of enthusiasm and an unparalleled effort to replicate their experience.

Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT) is a medical treatment in which the patient is entirely enclosed in a pressure chamber breathing 100% pure oxygen at greater than one atmosphere pressure. Air contains nearly 21% Oxygen, and approximately 78% Nitrogen. In hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT), the oxygen percentage breathed by the patient is nearly or actually 100%, almost five times more than in air. The pressure of the oxygen breathed by the patient in HBOT is usually more than 1.5 times greater than atmospheric pressure. HBOT can deliver nearly 15 times as much oxygen as there is in air at normal pressure .

Obesity has reached epidemic proportions in the world. As of 2005 the WHO estimates that at least 400 million adults (9.8%) are obese, with higher rates among women than men and obesity is now one of the leading causes of health-related disorders. Insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, cholelithiasis, certain forms of cancer, steatosis hepatis, gastroesophageal reflux, obstructive sleep apnea, degenerative joint disease, gout, lower back pain, and polycystic ovary syndrome are all associated with overweight and obesity. The endemic extent of overweight and obesity with its associated comorbidities has led to the development of therapies aimed at weight loss. The long-term effects of diet, exercise, and medical therapy on weight are relatively poor. With respect to durable weight reduction, bariatric surgery is the most effective long-term treatment for obesity with the greatest chances for amelioration and even resolution of obesity-associated complications. Recent evidence shows that bariatric surgery for severe obesity is associated with decreased overall mortality. There are currently three laparoscopic weight loss operations that are commonly performed today for obesity: laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding, laparoscopic roux-en-Y gastric bypass and laparoscopic biliopancreatic diversion. A variety of surgical procedures have been used to induce weight loss for obese patients. These procedures result in weight loss via different mechanisms, and some employ a combination of mechanisms. In general, bariatric surgery employs three mechanisms to induce weight loss: (1) restricting the size of the stomach limits the quantity of food a patient can consume at a single meal, (2) malabsorptive procedures decrease the proportion of nutrients that are absorbed from a meal, and (3) a combination of hormonal changes are induced by creating a small gastric pouch (and outlet) along with a proximal bypass. Each has its own benefits and risks. However, serious complications can occur and therefore a careful selection of patients is of utmost importance. The purpose of this presentation is about the importance of weight loss and results of conventional treatment will be discussed first. Currently used operative treatments for obesity and their effectiveness and complications and proposed criteria for bariatric surgery and finally deal with many unsolved questions and future directions

carbon nanotubes(CNTs) have fascinated scientists with their extraordinary properties. These compounds have become increasingly popular in various fields simply because of their small size and amazing optical, electric and magnetic properties when used alone or with additions of metals.These are often described as a graphene sheet rolled up into the shape of a cylinder. To be precise, they are graphene cylinders about 12 nm in diameter and capped with end-containing pentagonal rings. A nanotorus is a theoretically described carbon nanotube bent into a torus (donut shape). Carbon nanotubes have potential therapeutic applications in the field of drug delivery, diagnostics, and biosensing. Functionalised carbon nanotubes can also act as vaccine delivery systems. Functionalised carbon nanotubes can also act as vaccine delivery systems. The basic concept is to link the antigen to carbon nanotubes while retaining its conformation, thereby, inducing antibody response with the right specificity. With the increasing interest shown by the nanotechnology research community in this field, it is expected that plenty of applications of CNTs will be explored in future.

The pharmacy has developed its tech. at much higher level in the field of space pharmaceuticals and insilico drug designing within ADME fators with the help of many pharm. professionals all over the world.As we know that our world is shortening daybyday means it can be called as a global village. NASA ( national space research organisation) controls it section of pharmaceuticals namingNSBRI(national space biomedical research institute) that create p'ceuticals for astronauts which were not possible in early days. Pharma. skilled personnels at NSBRI from India and other areas synthesise drug acc. to its ADME at space.

Mature pancreatic cells develop during embryonic life from endodermal progenitors, and this developmental process depends on activation of a hierarchy of transcription factors. While information is available on mesodermal signals controlling pancreas development, little is known about environmental factors, such as the levels of nutrients including glucose, thatmaycontrol this process. We used an in vitromodel whereboth endocrineand acinar cells develop from early pancreatic and duodenal homeobox-1 (PDX1)-positive embryonic pancreatic progenitors. We first showed that glucose does not have a major effect on global pancreatic cell proliferation, survival, and acinar cell development. On the other hand, glucose controlled both alpha and beta cell development. Specifically, the surface occupied by insulin-positive cells was 20-fold higher in pancreases cultured in presence than in absence of glucose, and this effect was dose-dependent over the range 0.5–10mM. Glucose did not appear to control beta cell development by activating the proliferation of early progenitors or beta cells themselves but instead tightly regulated cell differentiation. Thus, glucose did not modify the pattern of expression of Neurogenin3, the earliest marker of endocrine progenitor cells, but was necessary for the expression of the transcription factor NeuroD, a direct target of Neurogenin3 known to be important for proper pancreatic endocrine cell development. We conclude that glucose interferes with the pancreatic endocrine cells development by regulating the transition between Ngn3 and upstream NeuroD.

Conventional forms of drug delivery generally rely on tablets, eye drops, ointments and intravenous solutions. Recently, a number of novel drug delivery technologies have developed. These newer technological development include drug modification by chemical means, career based drug delivery and drug entrapment in polymeric matrices or within pumps that are placed in desired bodily compartments. These technical development in drug delivery/targeting approaches improve the efficacy of drug therapy thereby improve human health. Still there are many infectious and other deadly diseases are uncured due to the problem encountered by formulation scientists in drug delivery approaches. There is a strong need to develop a proper delivery system to achieve the complete therapeutic effects of the existing drug molecules. Use of polymeric materials in novel drug delivery approaches has attracted the scientists. Polymer chemists and chemical engineers, pharmaceutical scientists are engaged in bringing out design predictable, controlled delivery of bio active agents. When the drug is delivered to the site of action by using polymer based drug delivery approaches the safety and bio compatibility is questionable. The characterization of biocompatible polymers is more focused in the field of formulation development and drug delivery approaches etc. the biodegradable polymers have properties of degrading in biological fluids with progressive release of dissolved or dispersed drug. There is various novel drug delivery approaches are developed in the pipeline of polymer based drug delivery approaches. The bio-safety and biocompatibility are the important characteristics needed for the use of polymers in the field of pharmaceutical formulation and in novel drug delivery approaches. The present paper review is focused in the advances of biodegradable polymers based drug delivery approaches.

Nanotechnology is a cross-disciplinary field of research in science, engineering, and medicine for cancer imaging, molecular diagnosis, and targeted therapy. Nanotechnology could potentially improve both the delivery of anticancer drug and the localized killing of cancerous and pre-cancerous cells. Nanoparticle has emerged as a promising strategy for the efficient delivery of drugs used in the treatment of cancer by avoiding the reticuloendothelial system, utilizing permeability and effect and tumor-specific targeting, which could lead to the future cure of cancer. This fusion has given rise to new field nano-oncology for cancer treatment. Present study focus on various nano-tool and nano-vectors which can be effectively used in the treatment of cancer and to give a closer look at nanotechnology that has shown promising effect in cancer therapy. Along with this various nanotechnological approaches in cancer treatment have been incopropated.

However before nano-tools can be applied at the bedside, numerous challenges must be addressed, including toxicity issues. In addition clinical protocols must be established on how to effectively handle and deliver these nano-tools. The quickest way to bring this technology to community cancer centers is that, nanotechnology researchers have to actively collaborate and come together to develop a single nanotechnology platform.

The basic rational is that nanometer-sized particles such as biodegradable micelles, semiconductor quantum dots, iron oxide nanocrystals and many more that will be discussed later in the article have optical, magnetic, or structural properties that are not available from either molecules or bulk solids which makes them a potential candidate for study as therapeutic agent.

Nanotechnology is expected to bring revolutionary changes in the field of life sciences including drug delivery, diagnostics, nutraceuticals and production of biomaterials. The presentation focus on preparation of nanoparticles, polymers used; mechanism of nanoparticle mediated drug transfer across blood brain barrier and applications of nanoparticles such as biomarkers.Delivery of drugs to the brain is still a major challenge. Successful delivery across the blood brain barrier has only been achieved in some cases for example pro-drugs; alternative approach is delivery to the brain by using nanoparticles.

Mucoadhesion has been a topic of interest in the design of drug delivery system to prolong the residence time of the dosage form with the under lying absorption surface to improve and enhance the bioavailability of drugs. The objective of this study is to develop, characterize, and evaluate mucoadhesive microspheres of Metronidazole employing various mucoadhesive polymers for prolonged gastrointestinal absorption. Metronidazole, an effective antiprotozoal drug that requires controlled release was used as the core in microencapsulation.

Microsphere containing Metronidazole were prepared employing sodium alginate in combination with four mucoadhesive polymers – sodium CMC, Methylcellulose, Carbopol and HPMC-K4M as coat materials with different polymers ratios. Further Chitosan coating was employed for better mucoadhesive property. The microspheres were filled in capsules for in-vivo evaluation. The microspheres were found to discrete, spherical, free flowing, and of the monolithic matrix type. The mucoadhesive property of the microcapsules was evaluated by an in nitro adhesion testing method known as wash-off method. Scanning Electron Microscopy indicated coarser surface texture which improves the adhesion through stronger mechanical interaction of the microspheres. The mucoadhesive microspheres were evaluated by in vitro and in vivo methods using Gamma Scintigraphy for controlled release.

Microspheres coated with HPMC-K4M and Carbopol polymer upon Chitosan coating retained spherical shapes which produced best drug release. The microspheres having good in vitro properties were used for in vivo evaluation. These mucoadhesive microspheres are, thus, suitable for oral controlled release of Metronidazole.