sir..
thank you for your valuable comment.
Thank you for correcting..Genome is the full DNA sequence carried by an organisms.
Sir,,i verified the powerpoint presentation. I m able to view all my slides..I think there may be some technical problem on the site.

sir..
thank you for your valuable comment..
Infact i thought of posting the pharmacogenomic testing in my presentation. But the presentation size exceeded the limit. So i removed that slide. The following link gives you the information regarding tests..
http://www.pharmgkb.org/resources/forScientificUsers/pharmacogenomic_dia...

Regarding their reliability, few tests targeting on a particular gene had FDA documentation and approval while on others the research is still going on.

dear sir..
Thank you for your valuable comment..
Therapeutic applications of Pharmacogenomics include :
dementia, asthma, allergies etc..
Both pharmacogenomics and conventional therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) share the similar goal of improving pharmacotherapy through better explanation of individual variability in drug response
source:
http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=15627040

dear pankaj..
Thank you for your valuable comment..
Pharmacogenomics holds the promise to individualize our healthcare and to improve drug safety and effectiveness for the population as a whole. Since it is an emerging science, it requires some time to win the belief of the society. Since it mainly concentrates on Individualized medicines, definitely the safety and all vital conditions of the patient are met. Regarding tests, i do not have any idea.

Coming to the cost factor, why to go for tests when Pharmacoeconomics is the best?? By this emerging science, the cost factors can be easily designed for patients.

sir,,
Thank you for your valuable comment..
Sir, since we are dealing with the response of genes in Pharmacogenomic medicine, definitely individuals respond differently for particular medicine. For eg. In a particular population, if an anticancer agent is given, some may show improvement while some die of complications shown by the drug. Similarly when a particular population are given sulfonamides, some may show improvement while some are left with sulfur allergy.
So, when the medicines are given by checking the genetic profile of individuals initially before prescribing the Pharamacogenomics is an excellent medicine.
But this process is somewhat expensive, time consuming.

sir..
Thank you for your valuable comment..

Definitely pharmacogenomics is practical but still its an emerging science. So people cant rely on these systems where research is still going on and 100% treatment is not guarenteed. Apart from normal ways of treating diseases by appointment, prescribing drugs for a population etc. , individual genetic profile is taken into account. This is particularly useful for those patients who suffer from drug allergies more often.

I would say that its very hard to achieve but once the attempt is given i think fruitful results may be observed clinically.

To be more optimistic i would say, Pharmacogenomics - the leader in the future.

sir..
Thank you for your valuable comment..

The example i cited is the gene commonly involved in Pharmacokinetic profile of drug. However there are other examples like:

Liver fatty-acid-binding protein (L-FABP) gene ablation alters liver bile acid metabolism in male mice

Multidrug Resistance Gene G1199A Polymorphism may effect absorption of drugs and alters Efflux Transport Activity of P-Glycoprotein.

Phosphoglycoprotein is found in tissues and is useful in drug disposition. Variation in expression and function of P-gp due to genetic polymorphisms of MDR1 may influence pharmacokinetics and, in turn, pharmacodynamics.

The dose adjustments in a patient having defective gene accounts for widely disparate clinical phenotypes. Among several hypothesized relationships between two syndromes, homozygous form of syndrome is identified by map location of the gene.
Eg: Neonatal severe parathyroidism and hypocalciuric hypercalcemia.
for example please refer:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/294052/

dear komal..
Thank you for your valuable comment..
Coming to the role of enzymes in mutation, simple example is mutation of the enzyme, RNA PolymeraseIII. However this mutation has a therapeutic application in cancer since the enzyme inhibits cell division.

Another study is that mutations in fungal organism is playing a key role in increasing enzyme production for bioenergy use.

Another important enzyme of study is Catalase. It is involved in the regulation of Hydrogen Peroxide. Catalase gene mutations have been detected in association with diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and vitiligo.
Acatalasemia, the inherited deficiency of catalase has been detected in 11 countries. Its clinical features might be oral gangrene, altered lipid, carbohydrate, homocysteine metabolism and the increased risk of diabetes mellitus.
Regarding the drug action, some mutations may show enhanced action while some show inhibitory responses while some do not show any significant change in the individuals.

Definitely genetic mutations helps in prescribing more apt drugs and safety of the patient may be guarenteed.

dear bhawna..
Thank you for the valuable comment..
Concomitant usually means an event or situation that happens at the same time as or in connection with another or simply that occurs as a consequence.
Concomitant disease means disease characterized by secondary symptoms that occur with a main symptom.
Generally it is one of the factor playing a role in genomic medicine. Recently a test is conducted on pharmacogenomic medicine..
Try this link..
http://www.springerlink.com/content/85417g78r0v3h822/

dear ritesh..
Thank you for your valuable comment..
siRNA or short interfearing RNA are used to identify the important genes in various biological pathways. Because disease processes also depend on the activity of multiple genes, it is expected that in some situations turning off the activity of a gene with an siRNA could produce a therapeutic benefit.
So by this means, we can develop newer medicines focussing on the particular genes.

dear ritesh..
Thank you for your valuable comment..
siRNA or short interfearing RNA are used to identify the important genes in various biological pathways. Because disease processes also depend on the activity of multiple genes, it is expected that in some situations turning off the activity of a gene with an siRNA could produce a therapeutic benefit.
So by this means, we can develop newer medicines focussing on the particular genes.

dear nithya..
Thank you for your valuable comment..
Basically genes are the major targets in both mutations and pharmacogenomics. Definitely genetical change has an impact on this study. Everyone acquires some changes to their DNA during the course of their lives. These changes occur in a number of ways. Sometimes there are simple copying errors that are introduced when DNA replicates itself. (Every time a cell divides, all of its DNA is duplicated so that the each of the two resulting cells have a full set of DNA.) Other changes are introduced as a result of DNA damage through environmental agents including sunlight, cigarette smoke, and radiation. Our cells have built in mechanisms that catch and repair most of the changes that occur during DNA replication or from environmental damage. As we age, however, our DNA repair does not work as effectively and we accumulate changes in our DNA. This is one of the natural amazing thing happening in our body.

Regarding the second query..I want to have better clarity..

dear hemangi..
Thank you for your valuable comment..
You almost produced an echo effect..Hmm..Just kidding.
Genotype is usually measured using well defined biometrics..

Torso/Leg & Upper/Lower Leg Measurements
Finger Length Ratios
To know more information, check out D'Adamo Personalized Nutrition.
But this area is not yet developed..So i cant give you apt answer..MOreover there is no Indian Company involved in the production.

dear khushbhu..
Thank you for your valuable comment..
See in the pharmacogenomics., we are mainly targeting the genes. So any small intentional or accidental carelessness may lead to permanant disability in the particular individual or the future offspring. Thats what is the studies on mutations, polymorphism etc.

Pharmacogenomics is the study of how genetic (genome) differences in MULTIPLE genes influence variability in drug response (i.e., efficacy and toxicity)

Pharmacogenetics is the study of how genetic differences in SINGLE gene influence variability in drug response.

dear ayush..
Thank you for your valuable comment..
The rapid accumulation of genomic and proteomic databases for complex biological systems, together with advances in technology platforms, have paved the way to an increased molecular understanding and prediction of drug's response. The complex phenotype of drug resistance can now be dissected and specific, clinically relevant markers pinpointed. Several microarray studies of genetic patterns from untreated and pre-treated diseaes have provided “fingerprints” that can predict response to therapeutics. Nevertheless, such approaches require further validation in experimental models and in large clinical trials before their routine clinical use. Moreover, comparative transcriptional profiling alone is unlikely to predict drug sensitivity/resistance. However this area is under study but i think Pharmacogenomics has a bright future in offering better drugs that suits the people.

Source : www.sciencedirect.com

Dear mam..
Thank you for the valuable comment..
Understanding the molecular basis of adaptive evolution is a major goal of evolutionary biology. While a number of candidate genes have been identified lately, thorough analysis of their phenotypic effects have been lacking.
So many phenotypic analysis, genotype phenotype analysis are conducted in living things to know better structure of the gene. Here is the basic study conducted on plant to reveal the conflicting effects of a flowering gene on Arabidopsis fitness.

Scientists investigated the importance of pleiotropy and epistasis in determining the adaptive value of a candidate gene using the gene FRIGIDA (FRI), which is thought to be the major gene controlling flowering time variation in Arabidopsis thaliana. The effect of FRI on flowering time was analyzed in an outbred population created by randomly mating 19 natural accessions of A. thaliana. This unique population allows the estimation of FRI effects independent of any linkage association with other loci due to demographic processes or to co-adapted genes. It also allows for the estimation of pleiotropic effects of FRI on fitness and inflorescence architecture.

The results were such that although early flowering plants produce more fruits under spring conditions as expected, and non-functional alleles of FRI were associated with early flowering, variation at FRI was not associated with fitness. This shows that non-functional FRI alleles have negative pleiotropic effects on fitness by reducing the numbers of nodes and branches on the inflorescence.

Finally the scientists propose that these antagonistic pleiotropic effects reduce the adaptive value of FRI, and helps explain the maintenance of alternative life-history strategies across natural populations of A. thaliana.

source : http://www.ls.manchester.ac.uk/research/publications/archive/article/?id...

DEAR SAHU..
Thank you for your valuable comment..
Coming to the answers..
Occurence of side effects may be linked to medication errors. See if the proper genetic profile of the patient is not prepared and suppose the prescription is given accordingly then definitely the individual is effected.

Regarding drug response..
All the examples i cited in my presentation viz. Carbamazepine, In psychiatry, in depression, in cancer etc. explains the fact.

THE FUTURE OF PHARMACOGENOMICS IS SUCH THAT..THE PATIENT GOES TO A COMMUNITY PHARMACY AND SAYS "HERE'S MY GENETIC PROFILE GIVE ME THE MEDICATION!!!!!! "

dear mam..
Thank you for your valuable comment..
Why we are saying "individualized" or "personalized" medicine? Because the medicines are given considering the genetic background of the patient.
This field of Pharmacogenomics promises to offer personalized medication on the basis of genetic profile.
Click on the following link to know more facts from Mayo clinic..

http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/personalized-medicine/CA00078

dear ayush..
Good to hear from you again..Im not able to catch the point. Please tell me..did u mean "How Pharmacogenomics identify the mechanism of drug resistance??"
WAITING FOR YOUR QUESTION..

Chronopharmacokinetics deals with the study of the temporal changes in absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination and thus takes into
account the influence of time of administration on these different steps.
Temporal changes can be involved at each step of the sequence of pharmacokinetic processes: temporal variations in drug absorption from
the gastro-intestinal tract (due to circadian variations in gastric acid
secretion and pH, motility, gastric emptying time, gastrointestinal blood flow), plasma protein binding and drug dis t r i b u t ion, drug metabolism (temporal variations in enzyme activity, hepatic blood flow) and in renal drug excretion (due to variation in glomerular filtration, renal blood flow, urinary pH and tubular resorption).
Pharmacogenomics is the study of how genetic (genome) differences in MULTIPLE genes influence variability in drug response (i.e., efficacy and toxicity)

I did not find any direct relation between the two branches. Any answers from your side..you are most welcome.