<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>34</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vyas and khar</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">robinson and lee</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ansel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">girish chopda</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">transdermal drug delivery</style></title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSYTEM

                                    

ABSTRACT
  Transdermal drug delivery system are the topically administered medicaments in the form of patches that deliver drugs for systemic effects at a predetermined and controlled rate.transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDSs) facilitate the passage of therapeutic quantities of drug substances through the skin and into the general circulation for their systemic effects.In 1965 stoughton first conceived of the percutaneous ansorption of drugs.
         The skin is composed of the stratum corneum,the living epidermis,and the dermis,which together provide the skin’s barrier layers to penetratation by external agents.Percutaneous absorption of drugs generally result from direct penetration of drug through the stratum corneum.Lipid content is concentrated in the extracellular phase of stratum corneum and forms to a large extent the membrane surrounding the cells.

FACTORS AFFECTING PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION
 	Drug concentration
 	Area of application
 	The physico chemical interaction involved
 	Molecular weights
 	Hydration
 	Time of application

To overcome the different layers of skin and factors so that the drug may be absorbed and the therapeutic efficacy and safety of drugs may be enhanced.This can be achieved by the use of  “Transdermal drug delivery sysytems(TDSSs)”  also often called transdermal patches.These are designed to support the passage of drug substances from the surface of the skn through it’s various layers and into the systemic circulation.The TDDSs are classified as monolithic and membrane-controlled systems.Monolithic systems incorporate a drug matrix layer between backing and frontal layers.

      COMPONENTS OF TDDSs
1.	Polymer matrix
2.	Drug
3.	Permeation enhancers
4.	Other excipents

1.	POLYMER MATRIX
Controls the release of drug.
They include natural polymers,synthetic elastomers,synthetic polymers. Ex:Zein,polybutadiene,n-methyl
   
b)	Surfactants
They enhance polar pathway transport,especially of hydrophilic drugs.
Anionic Surfactants:   Sodium lauryl sulphate
Nonionic Surfactants:  Pluronic F68
                   Bile salts: SODIUM ms taurocholate
            Bilary system: Propylene glycol oleic acid


2.	DRUG
As stated previously the factors influencing percutaneous absorption are the properties that are to be present in the drug.


3.	PERMEATION ENHANCERS
They prevent skin permeability by altering the skin as a barrier to the flux of a desired penetrant.
They include:
Solvents and
Backing membrane



OBJECTIVES OF TDDSs

1.	Deliver the drug to skin for percutaneous absortion at therapeutic levels at an optimal rate
2.	Contains medicinal agents having the necessary physicochemical characteristics
3.	Occlude the skin to ensure one way flux of the drug
4.	Have a therapeutic advantage over the other dosage forms and drug delivery systems
5.	Should not irritate or sensitize the skin

    ADVANTAGES 

1.	Avoid gastrointestinal drug absorption difficulties
2.	They act as substitute for oral administration
3.	They avoid first-pass affect
4.	They are non invasive
5.	They provide extended therapy in a single application

DISADVANTAGES

1.	Only relatively potent drugs are suitable candidates for TDDS because the natural limits of drugs entry impose by skin immediately
2.	Some patients develop contact dermatitis at the site of application from one or more of the systems components,necessitating discontinuation.


DEVELOPMENT IN TDDS
Research over the past 10-15 years have been focused to develop transdermal technologies that use mechanical energy to increase the drug flux across the skin by either altering the skin barrier or increasing the energy of drug molecules.
The “active transdermal technologies” include iontophoresis(low voltage electric current to derive charged drugs through skin),electroporation(short electric pulses of high voltage to create transient aqueous pores in the skin),sonophoresis (low frequeny ultrasonic energy to disrupt stratum corneum)






CONCLUSION
Transdermal drug delivery is no longer just adhesive patches. A lot of recent advantages in technology and the incorporation of the drug to the site of action without rupturing skin membrane transdermal route is becoming the most widely accepted route of drug administration. It promises to eliminate needles for administration of a wide variety of drugs in future.


REFERENCES
•	Ansel H.c.,Ppovich G.Nicholas,Loyd V.Allen jr.-Pharmaceutical dosage forms and drug delivery systems Lippincott Williams &amp;Wilkins publications
•	Roop K.Khar,vyas-Cntrolled drug delivery systems
•	Robinson and Lee-Controlled drug delivery systems
•	Chien,yw,Novel drug delivery systems, Drugs and pharmaceutical sciences,vol 50,Marcel Dekker, New york,NY:1992,797
•	Transdermal drug delivery system/Introduction
•	Girish Chopda-article on Transdermal drug delivery systems-MAEER’s Maharashtra Institute of pharmacy,Pune 411 038 
           
        LINK
             http://www.pharmainfo.net/bh.sai prathyusha

     
   












TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSYTEM

                                      TITLE: Transdermal drug delivery system

                       AUTHOR’S NAME: BH. Sai Prathyusha

                 CO-AUTHOR’S NAME:  P.Ravi Shankar

           Correspondence address:       BH. Sai prathyusha d/o                                                  
                                                      BH.PRASADARAO
                                                      Ananda nilayam 10-5-52,
                                                      NageswaraoStreet,
                                                       Ramaraopeta,                             
                                                      KAKINADA PIN-533003
CORRESPONDENCE E-MAIL:    lalitha_annapurna1990@yahoo.com

       AREA OF COMPETITION:     TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY 


ABSTRACT
  Transdermal drug delivery system are the topically administered medicaments in the form of patches that deliver drugs for systemic effects at a predetermined and controlled rate.transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDSs) facilitate the passage of therapeutic quantities of drug substances through the skin and into the general circulation for their systemic effects.In 1965 stoughton first conceived of the percutaneous ansorption of drugs.
         The skin is composed of the stratum corneum,the living epidermis,and the dermis,which together provide the skin’s barrier layers to penetratation by external agents.Percutaneous absorption of drugs generally result from direct penetration of drug through the stratum corneum.Lipid content is concentrated in the extracellular phase of stratum corneum and forms to a large extent the membrane surrounding the cells.

FACTORS AFFECTING PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION
 	Drug concentration
 	Area of application
 	The physico chemical interaction involved
 	Molecular weights
 	Hydration
 	Time of application

To overcome the different layers of skin and factors so that the drug may be absorbed and the therapeutic efficacy and safety of drugs may be enhanced.This can be achieved by the use of  “Transdermal drug delivery sysytems(TDSSs)”  also often called transdermal patches.These are designed to support the passage of drug substances from the surface of the skn through it’s various layers and into the systemic circulation.The TDDSs are classified as monolithic and membrane-controlled systems.Monolithic systems incorporate a drug matrix layer between backing and frontal layers.

      COMPONENTS OF TDDSs
1.	Polymer matrix
2.	Drug
3.	Permeation enhancers
4.	Other excipents

1.	POLYMER MATRIX
Controls the release of drug.
They include natural polymers,synthetic elastomers,synthetic polymers. Ex:Zein,polybutadiene,n-methyl
   
b)	Surfactants
They enhance polar pathway transport,especially of hydrophilic drugs.
Anionic Surfactants:   Sodium lauryl sulphate
Nonionic Surfactants:  Pluronic F68
                   Bile salts: SODIUM ms taurocholate
            Bilary system: Propylene glycol oleic acid


2.	DRUG
As stated previously the factors influencing percutaneous absorption are the properties that are to be present in the drug.


3.	PERMEATION ENHANCERS
They prevent skin permeability by altering the skin as a barrier to the flux of a desired penetrant.
They include:
Solvents and
Backing membrane



OBJECTIVES OF TDDSs

1.	Deliver the drug to skin for percutaneous absortion at therapeutic levels at an optimal rate
2.	Contains medicinal agents having the necessary physicochemical characteristics
3.	Occlude the skin to ensure one way flux of the drug
4.	Have a therapeutic advantage over the other dosage forms and drug delivery systems
5.	Should not irritate or sensitize the skin

    ADVANTAGES 

1.	Avoid gastrointestinal drug absorption difficulties
2.	They act as substitute for oral administration
3.	They avoid first-pass affect
4.	They are non invasive
5.	They provide extended therapy in a single application

DISADVANTAGES

1.	Only relatively potent drugs are suitable candidates for TDDS because the natural limits of drugs entry impose by skin immediately
2.	Some patients develop contact dermatitis at the site of application from one or more of the systems components,necessitating discontinuation.


DEVELOPMENT IN TDDS
Research over the past 10-15 years have been focused to develop transdermal technologies that use mechanical energy to increase the drug flux across the skin by either altering the skin barrier or increasing the energy of drug molecules.
The “active transdermal technologies” include iontophoresis(low voltage electric current to derive charged drugs through skin),electroporation(short electric pulses of high voltage to create transient aqueous pores in the skin),sonophoresis (low frequeny ultrasonic energy to disrupt stratum corneum)






CONCLUSION
Transdermal drug delivery is no longer just adhesive patches. A lot of recent advantages in technology and the incorporation of the drug to the site of action without rupturing skin membrane transdermal route is becoming the most widely accepted route of drug administration. It promises to eliminate needles for administration of a wide variety of drugs in future.


REFERENCES
•	Ansel H.c.,Ppovich G.Nicholas,Loyd V.Allen jr.-Pharmaceutical dosage forms and drug delivery systems Lippincott Williams &amp;Wilkins publications
•	Roop K.Khar,vyas-Cntrolled drug delivery systems
•	Robinson and Lee-Controlled drug delivery systems
•	Chien,yw,Novel drug delivery systems, Drugs and pharmaceutical sciences,vol 50,Marcel Dekker, New york,NY:1992,797
•	Transdermal drug delivery system/Introduction
•	Girish Chopda-article on Transdermal drug delivery systems-MAEER’s Maharashtra Institute of pharmacy,Pune 411 038 
           
        LINK
             http://www.pharmainfo.net/bh.sai prathyusha

     
   












TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSYTEM

                                      TITLE: Transdermal drug delivery system

                       AUTHOR’S NAME: BH. Sai Prathyusha

                 CO-AUTHOR’S NAME:  P.Ravi Shankar

           Correspondence address:       BH. Sai prathyusha d/o                                                  
                                                      BH.PRASADARAO
                                                      Ananda nilayam 10-5-52,
                                                      NageswaraoStreet,
                                                       Ramaraopeta,                             
                                                      KAKINADA PIN-533003
CORRESPONDENCE E-MAIL:    lalitha_annapurna1990@yahoo.com

       AREA OF COMPETITION:     TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY 


ABSTRACT
  Transdermal drug delivery system are the topically administered medicaments in the form of patches that deliver drugs for systemic effects at a predetermined and controlled rate.transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDSs) facilitate the passage of therapeutic quantities of drug substances through the skin and into the general circulation for their systemic effects.In 1965 stoughton first conceived of the percutaneous ansorption of drugs.
         The skin is composed of the stratum corneum,the living epidermis,and the dermis,which together provide the skin’s barrier layers to penetratation by external agents.Percutaneous absorption of drugs generally result from direct penetration of drug through the stratum corneum.Lipid content is concentrated in the extracellular phase of stratum corneum and forms to a large extent the membrane surrounding the cells.

FACTORS AFFECTING PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION
 	Drug concentration
 	Area of application
 	The physico chemical interaction involved
 	Molecular weights
 	Hydration
 	Time of application

To overcome the different layers of skin and factors so that the drug may be absorbed and the therapeutic efficacy and safety of drugs may be enhanced.This can be achieved by the use of  “Transdermal drug delivery sysytems(TDSSs)”  also often called transdermal patches.These are designed to support the passage of drug substances from the surface of the skn through it’s various layers and into the systemic circulation.The TDDSs are classified as monolithic and membrane-controlled systems.Monolithic systems incorporate a drug matrix layer between backing and frontal layers.

      COMPONENTS OF TDDSs
1.	Polymer matrix
2.	Drug
3.	Permeation enhancers
4.	Other excipents

1.	POLYMER MATRIX
Controls the release of drug.
They include natural polymers,synthetic elastomers,synthetic polymers. Ex:Zein,polybutadiene,n-methyl
   
b)	Surfactants
They enhance polar pathway transport,especially of hydrophilic drugs.
Anionic Surfactants:   Sodium lauryl sulphate
Nonionic Surfactants:  Pluronic F68
                   Bile salts: SODIUM ms taurocholate
            Bilary system: Propylene glycol oleic acid


2.	DRUG
As stated previously the factors influencing percutaneous absorption are the properties that are to be present in the drug.


3.	PERMEATION ENHANCERS
They prevent skin permeability by altering the skin as a barrier to the flux of a desired penetrant.
They include:
Solvents and
Backing membrane



OBJECTIVES OF TDDSs

1.	Deliver the drug to skin for percutaneous absortion at therapeutic levels at an optimal rate
2.	Contains medicinal agents having the necessary physicochemical characteristics
3.	Occlude the skin to ensure one way flux of the drug
4.	Have a therapeutic advantage over the other dosage forms and drug delivery systems
5.	Should not irritate or sensitize the skin

    ADVANTAGES 

1.	Avoid gastrointestinal drug absorption difficulties
2.	They act as substitute for oral administration
3.	They avoid first-pass affect
4.	They are non invasive
5.	They provide extended therapy in a single application

DISADVANTAGES

1.	Only relatively potent drugs are suitable candidates for TDDS because the natural limits of drugs entry impose by skin immediately
2.	Some patients develop contact dermatitis at the site of application from one or more of the systems components,necessitating discontinuation.


DEVELOPMENT IN TDDS
Research over the past 10-15 years have been focused to develop transdermal technologies that use mechanical energy to increase the drug flux across the skin by either altering the skin barrier or increasing the energy of drug molecules.
The “active transdermal technologies” include iontophoresis(low voltage electric current to derive charged drugs through skin),electroporation(short electric pulses of high voltage to create transient aqueous pores in the skin),sonophoresis (low frequeny ultrasonic energy to disrupt stratum corneum)






CONCLUSION
Transdermal drug delivery is no longer just adhesive patches. A lot of recent advantages in technology and the incorporation of the drug to the site of action without rupturing skin membrane transdermal route is becoming the most widely accepted route of drug administration. It promises to eliminate needles for administration of a wide variety of drugs in future.


REFERENCES
•	Ansel H.c.,Ppovich G.Nicholas,Loyd V.Allen jr.-Pharmaceutical dosage forms and drug delivery systems Lippincott Williams &amp;Wilkins publications
•	Roop K.Khar,vyas-Cntrolled drug delivery systems
•	Robinson and Lee-Controlled drug delivery systems
•	Chien,yw,Novel drug delivery systems, Drugs and pharmaceutical sciences,vol 50,Marcel Dekker, New york,NY:1992,797
•	Transdermal drug delivery system/Introduction
•	Girish Chopda-article on Transdermal drug delivery systems-MAEER’s Maharashtra Institute of pharmacy,Pune 411 038 
           
        LINK
             http://www.pharmainfo.net/bh.sai prathyusha

     
   
























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