Tabletting Articles

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the influence of dry granulation parameters on granule and tablet properties of spray-dried extract (SDE) from Maytenus ilicifolia, which is widely used in Brazil in the treatment of gastric disorders. The compressional behavior of the SDE and granules of the SDE was characterized by Heckel plots. The tablet properties of powders, granules, and formulations containing a high extract dose were compared. The SDE was blended with 2% magnesium stearate and 1% colloidal silicon dioxide and compacted to produce granules after slugging or roll compaction. The influences of the granulation process and the roll compaction force on the technological properties of the granules were studied. The flowability and density of spray-dried particles were improved after granulation. Tablets produced by direct compression of granules showed lower crushing strength than the ones obtained from nongranulated material.

The purpose of this work was to investigate the effect of different polysulfonate resins and direct compression fillers on physical properties of multiple-unit sustained-release dextromethorphan (DMP) tablets. DMP resinates were formed by a complexation of DMP and strong cation exchange resins, Dowex 50 W and Amberlite IRP69. The tablets consisted of the DMP resinates and direct compression fillers, such as microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCP), and spray-dried rice starch (SDRS). Physical properties of tablets, such as hardness, disintegration time, and in vitro release, were investigated. A good performance of the tablets was obtained when MCC or SDRS was used. The use of rod-like and plate-like particles of Amberlite IRP69 caused a statistical decrease in tablet hardness, whereas good tablet hardness was obtained when spherical particle of Dowex 50 W was used.

The effects of moisture o­n the flow properties, tensile strength, Heckel plot (particle rearrangement, yield pressure), energies involved in compaction (gross, plastic, and elastic energies), and elastic recovery are reviewed. The identification and quantification of the numerous parameters that affect the compaction process are vital for product uniformity. For example, moisture adsorption plays an important role in physical and chemical stability, in the properties of solid dosage forms and excipients, and in polymers for sustained-release formulations. The vapor pressure of water in the atmosphere is quantified by the percent relative humidity (% RH). The moisture content at which a solid material produces a water vapor pressure equal to that of the surrounding environment is defined as the equilibrium moisture content (EMC). The solid’s resultant weight gain at a specified temperature and % RH is expressed as a percentage of its initial dry weight.

Hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) is a water-soluble cellulose ether, avaiolable in a range of molecular weights and particle sizes


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For solid dosage forms, a better understanding of the fundamental properties of the binders helps in the development of better formulations and products.


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High quality tablet compression tooling is expensive, albeit consumable. With the potential for tooling damage during tablet production, transportation and storage, an acceptable method of cleaning, repairing, validating and storing tooling is required by anyone who manufactures tablets - and the regulatory inspection authorities.

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This study evaluated tableting compression by using internal and external lubricant addition. The effect of lubricant addition o­n the enzymatic activity of trypsin, which was used as a model drug during the tableting compression process, was also investigated. The powder mixture (2% crystalline trypsin, 58% crystalline lactose, and 40% microcrystalline cellulose) was kneaded with 5% hydroxypropyl cellulose aqueous solution and then granulated using an extruding granulator equipped with a 0.5-mm mesh screen at 20 rpm. After drying, the sample granules were passed through a 10-mesh screen (1680 μm). A 200-mg sample was compressed by using 8-mm punches and dies at 49, 98, 196, or 388 MPa (Mega Pascal) at a speed of 25 mm/min. The external lubricant compression was performed using granules without lubricant in the punches and dies. The granules were already dry coated by the lubricant.

The tabletting characteristics of low crystallinity celluloses (LCPC)-LCPC-700, LCPC-2000, and LCPC-4000-prepared using agitation rates of 700, 2000, and 4000 rpm, respectively, during their regeneration from phosphoric acid, were evaluated and compared with those of Avicel PH-102 and Avicel PH-302. The mean deformation pressure values calculated from the linear region of the Athy-Heckel curves indicated LCPC-4000 to be the most ductile material. The area under the Athy-Heckel curve for LCPC-4000 was 330 MPa, whereas LCPC-700 and LCPC-2000 showed a corresponding value similar to that of Avicel PH-102 and Avicel PH-302 (192-232 MPa). The tensile strength of LCPC and Avicel compacts increased linearly with increasing applied pressures. A comparison of the area under the tensile strength-compression pressure curves indicated that LCPC-4000 formed the strongest tablets.

Currently, high-production rates and continuous production processes favor existing tableting technologies. However, if tablet development becomes rate-limiting in the future, alternative technologies may prove attractive .


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Sticking occurs when granules attach themselves to the faces of tablet press punches. Picking is a more specific term that describes product sticking o­nly within the letters, logos, or designs o­n the punch faces. This article explains the causes of sticking and picking and describes the steps you can take to resolve both problems.


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