GATE

Key Points for Suppositories

Smt. Dr. Jayanti Vijaya Ratna

FORENSIC PHARMACY BOOKS:
1. Forensic Pharmacy by N.K.Jain
2. Forensic Pharmacy by B.M.Mithal

Books for GATE Exam by Subject

COMMON BOOKS
ANALYSIS
BIO-CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
CEUTICS
COGNOSY
COLOGY
FORENSIC PHARMACY
MICROBIOLOGY

1. Instrumental methods of Chemical Analysis by B. K. Sarma
2. Instrumental methods of Chemical Analysis Chatwal
3. Spectroscopy by Silverstein
4. Text Book of Pharmaceutical Analysis y K.A.Connors

Books for GATE Exam by Subject

COMMON BOOKS
ANALYSIS
BIO-CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
CEUTICS
COGNOSY
COLOGY
FORENSIC PHARMACY
MICROBIOLOGY

1. GATE – A Companion by N.N. Inamder

2. Comprehensive GATE Questions by Vidya Sagar

3. Comprehensive Pharmacy Review by Leon Shargel

4. Remington - The Science and Practice of Pharmacy by Alfonso R Gennaro

5. Indian Pharmacopoeia, British Pharmacopoeia and United States Pharmacopoeia.

1. Microbiology by Pelzar
2. Ananthanarayana
3. Industrial microbiology by Cascida
4. Industrial microbiology by Prescott & Dunn

Books for GATE Exam by Subject

COMMON BOOKS
ANALYSIS
BIO-CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
CEUTICS
COGNOSY
COLOGY
FORENSIC PHARMACY
MICROBIOLOGY

Reference Books for Pharmacognosy

1.Text Book of Pharmacognosy by C. K. Kokate
2.Text Book of Pharmacognosy by Treas and Evans
3.Text Book of Pharmacognosy by T. E. Walis

Vijay Ratna

Let us consider that in a system, PV work is the only useful work or external energy. Let us disregard the electric and other forms of energy. Then the heat content or total energy of a system is divided into internal energy and external energy.

1. H = E + PV

Total energy Internal energy External energy

We can also divide the same total energy (free energy) H into isothermally available energy (TS).

2. H = F + TS

Total energy Isothermally available Isothermally unavailable

Vijay Ratna

In electrochemistry the Nernst equation gives the electrode potential (E), relative to the standard electrode potential (E^O) of the electrode couple or equivalently of the half cells of a battery. In physiology the Nernst equation is used for finding the electric potential of a cell membrane w.r.t. one type of ion.

The activities of pure solid or liquid phases are taken as unity. For a solution at RT (25^OC) the following is true :

Vijay Ratna

Ionic equilibria is about the ionising behaviour of acids and bases. The study of this chapter assumes significance in the light of points such as (1) Most drugs are weak acids and bases and their ionising behaviour in aqueous solutions should be understood for formulating them properly (2) absorption of drugs across biological membranes depends on ionisation, which depends on the pH of the surroundings. In this chapter we study how various substances ionise and how it is related to the pH of the medium. We will also learn to calculate the pH of different solutions from their concentrations. This chapter is divided into (1) Basic definitions (2) Acid-base theroies (3) Ionisation of water, acids and bases (4) pH, H₃O+ and pKa

Vijay Ratna

Thermodynamics deals with the flow of energy. It explains the quantitative relationships between different forms of energy as energy changes from one form to another. The study of thermodynamics consists of understanding (1) Basic definitions (2) First Law (3) Second Law (4) Third Law and (5) Free energy functions. “Energy” and its transfer are applicable in determining the fate of simple chemical processes to describing very complex behavior of biological cells.

I. Basic Definitions :

1. System : A “system” is a well defined part of the universe that one is interested in studying.

2. Open System : An open system is one from which energy and matter can be exchanged with the surroundings.